Ultra-Compacted Antenna-based Capsule Endoscope in the ISM Band

Article Sidebar

PDF
Published: Mar 19, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7716/aem.v14i4.2602
Keywords:
Implanted devices Microstrip Antenna Miniaturization Wireless Capsule Endoscope System.

Main Article Content

Marwah M. Hassooni
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Iraqia University, Baghdad, Iraq
Jabir S. Aziz
Al-Rafidain University, College, Baghdad-Iraq
Ashwaq Q. Hameed
College of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
Hadeel Safa Hussein
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Iraqia University, Baghdad, Iraq

Abstract

This article presents a proposal for the miniature implantable antenna of a microstrip patch that covers ISM bands (2400–2483.5 MHz) for deep-tissue implantation with a volume of just 0.3 mm³. The proposed antenna is the smallest and lightest antenna manufactured for wireless capsule endoscopy. The antenna can be integrated with an imaging sensor, electronic components, and a battery. The proposed Microstrip Patch Antenna MPA shows a 483 MHz wider bandwidth at 2483.5 MHz; Beef muscles were used to validate the antenna's performance experimentally. The safety issues are assessed to examine the performance of the proposed antenna incorporated in an endoscopy capsule device by considering the specific absorption rate (SAR).

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Article Details

How to Cite
Hassooni, M., Aziz, J. ., Hameed, A., & Hussein, H. (2026). Ultra-Compacted Antenna-based Capsule Endoscope in the ISM Band. Advanced Electromagnetics, 14(4), 14–21. https://doi.org/10.7716/aem.v14i4.2602
Issue
Vol. 14 No. 4 (2025)
Section
Research Articles
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
Author Biographies

Marwah M. Hassooni, Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Iraqia University, Baghdad, Iraq

Marwah HASSOONI received an M.Sc. in Electronic and Communication Engineering from Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq, in 2015. She is with the Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology (UoT), and the Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Al-Iraqia University, as Assistant Lecture. Her scientific activity concerns antenna theory, communication, sensors, and biomedical engineering.

Jabir S. Aziz, Al-Rafidain University, College, Baghdad-Iraq

Prof. Dr. Jabir S. Aziz received the B.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from MTC – Baghdad – Iraq in 1977, Ph. D. in Communication Engineering ENSAE – Toulouse – France in 1982. He has supervised more than 45 M.Sc. and Ph.D. thesis and published more than 60 peer-reviewed research papers in national and international conferences and journals. He served as an Editor-in-chief, Managing Editor and Editorial Board Member in many Scientific Journals. He participated in many international conferences as member of organizing committee and TPC member. He is currently a Professor in Microwave and Wireless Communications in Al-Rafidain University College. His research interests are: Communications systems, antenna and propagation, RF and microwave, and wireless communications.

Ashwaq Q. Hameed, College of Electrical Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq

Ashwaq Q. Hameed  she received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq, in 1997, M.Sc. in communication engineering from University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq, in 1999, and Ph.D.  in communication engineering from University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq in 2003. She is currently an associate professor at the electrical engineering department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq. Her research interests include mobile wireless communication systems, multicarrier OFDMA, Q-OSTFBC MIMO systems, speech signal processing, E- learning, radar systems. She was co-author of three published books 1- ANFIS technique for Identification of Digitally Modulated Signals Using MATLAB,2017, 2-Laser Fundamentals,2016, and 3-Small and Special Electrical Motors and Their Control Technique,2017.

References

C. Xinkai, et al, A wireless capsule endoscopic system with a low-power controlling and processing ASIC. In Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference (A-SSCC), vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 321–324. DOI: 10.1109/ASSCC.2008.4708792. 2008

M. Phillip, R. Harish, and R. Yahya, " Conformal ingestible capsule antenna: A novel chandelier meandered design, " IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2009, vol. 57, no. 4 PART 1, pp. 900–909. DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2009.2014598.

A. Psathas, K. Asimina, and S. Konstantina, "A novel conformal antenna for ingestible capsule endoscopy in the MedRadio Band," In Proceedings of the Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium. 2013, pp. 1899-1902.

H. Saber, A. Hend, and A. Asmaa, "Octafilar helical antenna for circular polarization wireless capsule endoscopy applications, " Wireless Personal Communications, 2019, vol. 108, no. 1, pp. 569–579. DOI: 10.1007/s11277-019-06418-7.

Y. Muhammad, et al. "Compacted conformal implantable antenna with multitasking capabilities for ingestible capsule endoscope, " IEEE Access, 2020, vol. 8, pp. 157617–157627. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3019663.

A. Ala, " Compact wideband antenna for wireless capsule endoscopy system , " Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing, 2021, vol. 127, no. 4. DOI: 10.1007/s00339-021-04420-0.

Z. Zhang, et al. "A conformal differentially fed antenna for ingestible capsule system," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2018, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 1695-1703. DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2018.2804673.

J. Jong, W. Se, and T. Youn, "2.4 GHz wide-bandwidth inverted-F antenna for capsule endoscope," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2020, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 1275–1280. DOI: 10.1002/mop.32134.

R. Md, et al. "In-body antenna for wireless capsule endoscopy at MICS band," Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, , vol. 857, pp. 801–810. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-01177-2_59. 2019.

R. Rongqiang, X. Yong, and D. Guohong, "A conformal circularly polarized antenna for wireless capsule endoscope systems," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2018, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 2119–2124. DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2018.2804674.

D. Rupam, and Y. Hyoungsuk, "A wideband circularly polarized conformal endoscopic antenna system for high-speed data transfer," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2017, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 2816–2826. DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2017.2694700.

R. BANSAL, "Antenna theory; analysis and design," 2008, vol. 72, no. 7. DOI: 10.1109/proc.1984.12959.

Z. Muhammad, A. Izaz, and Y. Hyoungsuk, "Metamaterial-loaded compact high-gain dual-band circularly polarized implantable antenna system for multiple biomedical applications," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2020, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 1140–1144. DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2019.2938573.

A. Iqbal, A. Muath, B. Ismail, and A. Tayeb, "Self-quadruplexing antenna for scalp-implantable devices," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2024, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 2252–2260. DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3356061.

L. Abdenasser, E. Ahmed, G. Vicente, and S. Daniel "Miniaturized dual-band implantable antenna for implanted biomedical devices," IEEE Access, 2024, vol. 12, pp. 15026–15036. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3357488.

D. Bradley, S. Salil, W. Yvonne, and G. Keat "Wireless technologies for implantable devices," Sensors (Switzerland), 2020, vol. 20, no. 16, pp. 1–19. DOI: 10.3390/s20164606.

S. GABRIEL, R. LAU, and C. GABRIEL, "The dielectric properties of biological tissues: III. Parametric models for the dielectric spectrum of tissues. 1996. [Online]. Available: http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9155/41/11/003.

Z. Ahmed, et al. "Design and modeling of ultra-compact wideband implantable antenna for wireless ISM band," Bioengineering, 2023, vol. 10, no. 2. DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020216.

L. Ben, W. Yifan, Z. Junchi, and S. Jingjing, "Ultra-wideband antennas for wireless capsule endoscope system: A review, " IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2024, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 241–255. DOI: 10.1109/OJAP.2024.3355217.

S. Hayat, A. Syed, and Y. Hyoungsuk, "Miniaturized dual-band circularly polarized implantable antenna for capsule endoscopic system," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2021, vol. 69, no. 4, pp. 1885–1895. DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2020.3026881.

H, William. H., et al. "Synopsis of IEEE Std C95.1TM-2019' IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields, 0 Hz to 300 GHz," IEEE Access, 2019, vol. 7, pp. 171346–171356. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2954823.

G. Ziegelberger, et al. "Gaps in knowledge relevant to the 'guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric and magnetic fields (1 Hz-100 kHz)," Health Physics, 2020, vol. 118, no. 5, pp. 533–542. DOI: 10.1097/HP.0000000000001261.

K. Mutiara, S. Bambang, and S. Miftadi, "Design of microstrip antenna for wireless capsule endoscopy in wireless body area network," In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Wireless Mobile. 2017, pp. 134–137. DOI: 10.1109/APWiMob.2017.8283996.

J. Abdullah, and A. Amjad, "A compact and wideband MIMO antenna for high-data-rate biomedical ingestible capsules," Scientific Reports, 2022, vol. 12, no. 1. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18468-2.

E. Atashpanjeh, and P. REZAEI, "Broadband conformal monopole antenna loaded with meandered arms for wireless capsule endoscopy," Wireless Personal Communications, 2020, vol. 110, no. 4, pp. 1679–1691. DOI: 10.1007/s11277-019-06806-z.

H. Syed, I. Ali, and Y. Hyoungsuk, "Ultra-miniaturized implantable antenna enabling multiband operation for diverse industrial IoMT devices," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2024, vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 1352–1362. DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3349782.

N. Rakesh, et al. "Design and validation of loop-based ultraminiature low-profile ultrawideband capsule antenna inside Wistar rat." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 71, no. 10, pp. 8326–8331, 2023.DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2023.3301952,

J. Abdullah, and I. Amjad, "A high data rate implantable MIMO antenna for deep implanted biomedical devices," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2022, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 998–1007. DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2021.3111186.

S. Gopinath, and D. Debasis, "Dual-band circular polarized flexible implantable antenna using reactive impedance substrate," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2019, vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 4218–4223. DOI: 10.1109/TAP.2019.2905978.

A. Abdullah, et al. "Ultraminiaturized dual-band implantable antenna for wireless capsule endoscopy,". IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 15210–15218. 2024.

M. M. Hassooni, J. S. Aziz, and A. Q. Hameed, "Design of an Ultra-Miniaturized Meandered Patch Antenna for Scalp Applications," Prog. Electromagn. Res. C, vol. 158, no. June, pp. 205–213, 2025, doi: 10.2528/PIERC25060219.

M. M. Hassooni, J. S. Aziz, and A. Q. Hameed, "Ultra-Miniaturized Spiral Antenna for Loop Recorder," vol. 132, no. November 2024, pp. 21–30, 2025, doi: 10.2528/PIERM24112101.