Transient Power Angle Stability Analysis of Grid-Forming Converters Under Resistive Short-Circuit Faults
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper examines the transient power-angle stability of grid-forming converters (GFMs) subjected to grid faults. Existing studies commonly simplify the network as a purely inductive line and use ideal fault assumptions, which makes it difficult to describe how practical fault conditions influence power transmission and stability. A fault analytical model that includes line resistance is therefore constructed, and a closed-form Pe-delta relationship is obtained with offset, amplitude, and phase-shift components. Fault position, transition resistance, the line impedance ratio, and short-circuit ratio are incorporated into the model. On the basis of the equal-area criterion, the transient instability process of GFMs under different fault types is analyzed. MATLAB/Simulink results verify both the proposed expression and the corresponding stability mechanism. A further scan of the transient stability region shows that resistance-grounded and reactance-grounded faults present different stability distributions when the grid and fault parameters vary.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
W. R. Kenyon, M. Bossart, M. Marković, et al., “Stability and control of power systems with high penetrations of inverter-based resources: An accessible review of current knowledge and open questions,” Sol. Energy, vol. 210, pp. 149–168, 2020.
S. Bahram, J. Nicklas, E. Robert, et al., “An overview of stability challenges for power-electronic-dominated power systems: The grid-forming approach,” IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 284–306, 2022.
X. Wang, M. G. Taul, H. Wu, et al., “Grid-synchronization stability of converter-based resources: An overview,” IEEE Open J. Ind. Appl., vol. 1, pp. 115–134, 2020.
X. Yan, S. Y. A. Mohamed, D. Li, et al., “Parallel operation of virtual synchronous generators and synchronous generators in a microgrid,” J. Eng., pp. 2635–2642, 2019.
R. Rosso, X. Wang, M. Liserre, et al., “Grid-forming converters: Control approaches, grid-synchronization, and future trends: A review,” IEEE Open J. Ind. Appl., vol. 2, pp. 93–109, 2021.
R. Rosso, S. Engelken, and M. Liserre, “On the implementation of an FRT strategy for grid-forming converters under symmetrical and asymmetrical grid faults,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 4385–4397, 2021.
Y. Zhang, C. Zhang, R. Yang, et al., “Current-constrained power-angle characterization method for transient stability analysis of grid-forming voltage source converters,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 1338–1349, 2023.
H. Wu and X. Wang, “Design-oriented transient stability analysis of grid-connected converters with power synchronization control,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 66, no. 8, pp. 6473–6482, 2019.
Z. Shuai, C. Shen, X. Liu, et al., “Transient angle stability of virtual synchronous generators using Lyapunov’s direct method,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 4648–4661, 2019.
D. Pan, X. Wang, F. Liu, et al., “Transient stability of voltage-source converters with grid-forming control: A design-oriented study,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1019–1033, 2020.
M. Chen, D. Zhou, and F. Blaabjerg, “Enhanced transient angle stability control of grid-forming converter based on virtual synchronous generator,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 69, no. 9, pp. 9133–9144, 2022.
X. Xiong, C. Wu, B. Hu, et al., “Transient damping method for improving the synchronization stability of virtual synchronous generators,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 7820–7831, 2021.
X. Xiong, C. Wu, P. Cheng, et al., “An optimal damping design of virtual synchronous generators for transient stability enhancement,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 11026–11030, 2021.
S. Chen, Y. Sun, X. Hou, et al., “Quantitative parameters design of VSG oriented to transient synchronization stability,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 4978–4981, 2023.
H. Wu and X. Wang, “A mode-adaptive power-angle control method for transient stability enhancement of virtual synchronous generators,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1034–1049, 2020.
J. Wang, S. Ganguly, and B. Kroposki, “Experimental evaluation of impact of short-circuit ratio and X/R ratio on stability of grid-forming and grid-following inverters,” in Proc. IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, Austin, TX, USA, 2025, pp. 1–5.
P. Wang, et al., “Power self-synchronization control of grid-forming voltage-source converters against a wide range of short-circuit ratio,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 15419–15432, 2023.
A. J. G. Abrantes-Ferreira, A. C. Oliveira, A. M. N. Lima, et al., “A transient stability enhancement method for grid-forming converters enabling operation across the four-quadrant range of power angle,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 6263–6280, 2025.
X. Gao, D. Zhou, A. Anvari-Moghaddam, et al., “Analysis of X/R ratio effect on stability of grid-following and grid-forming converters,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering, Tallinn, Estonia, 2023, pp. 1–6.