Optimizing Language Service Efficiency Through Machine Translation and Human Proofreading Collaboration in Cross-Cultural Communication Scenarios
Main Article Content
Abstract
To address the conflict between machine translation and human proofreading in cross-cultural communication, this paper integrates language-service quality assessment with collaborative optimization theory and establishes an MT-HC collaborative efficiency optimization framework. Machine translation has advantages in speed but suffers from unstable accuracy and insufficient cultural adaptation, while human proofreading ensures quality but is costly and inefficient. The study defines three application scenarios: business negotiation, academic exchange, and public service, and specifies accuracy, cultural-adaptation, and time constraints for each. A three-stage workflow of “machine translation pretranslation-intelligent error classification-proofreading priority ranking” is designed. The BERT model, with an error recognition F1-score of 0.92, and fuzzy analytic hierarchy process are integrated to construct a proofreading-priority matrix. Comparative experiments show that the optimized model reduces business translation cycles by 42%, lowers academic proofreading costs by 38%, and decreases cultural-adaptation error rates in public services by 51%. It increases effective translation volume per unit time by 2.3 times and improves efficiency in minor-language scenarios by at least 1.8 times.
Downloads
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
Y. Gao, F. Hou, and H. Jahnke, “Pre-ordering representations improve low-resource neural machine translation and application in the Māori language,” Multimedia Tools and Applications, vol. 85, no. 1, 26, 2026, doi: 10.1007/S11042-026-21153-5.
A. Tian and M. Sun, “Automatic Evaluation Method for Machine Translation Quality Based on Cross-Attention Recurrent Neural Network,” Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers, prepublish, 2026, doi: 10.1142/S0218126626500787.
E. Satir and H. Bulut, “Controlled beam search for neural machine translation using subword units leveraging phrase-based statistical machine translation outputs,” Discover Computing, vol. 29, no. 1, 37, 2026, doi: 10.1007/S10791-025-09633-Y.
J. A. Vicente, F. T. Amamampang, D. D. Lahaylahay, and C. Cheng, “ChavacanoMT: a corpus and evaluation of neural machine translation for Philippine Creole Spanish,” Language Resources and Evaluation, vol. 60, no. 1, 18, 2026, doi: 10.1007/S10579-025-09888-3.
S. Song, Y. Chen, X. Hu, and J. Zhang, “Domain-Aware Transformer for Multi-Domain Neural Machine Translation,” Computers, Materials & Continua, vol. 86, no. 3, 68, 2026, doi: 10.32604/CMC.2025.072392.
Z. Man, Y. Zhang, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, and J. Xu, “DKF: Domain knowledge fusion in progressive incremental learning for multi-domain machine translation,” Expert Systems With Applications, vol. 306, 130838, 2026, doi: 10.1016/J.ESWA.2025.130838.
T. Alshaikhi, “AI-Integrated Translation Training and Translators’ Competence System Using Neural Machine Translation (NMT),” SN Computer Science, vol. 7, no. 1, 60, 2026, doi: 10.1007/S42979-025-04661-3.
R. Appicharla, K. S. Jha, A. Ekbal, and P. Bhattacharyya, “Maithilimt: Developing Multi-Domain Parallel Corpus for Hindi-Maithili Machine Translation,” Language Resources and Evaluation, vol. 60, no. 1, 12, 2026, doi: 10.1007/S10579-025-09890-9.
S. Zhang and C. Zhao, “Machine translationese of large language models: Dependency triplets, text classification, and SHAP analysis,” PloS one, vol. 21, no. 1, e0339769, 2026, doi: 10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0339769.
X. Lyu, J. Li, D. Wei, M. Zhang, S. Tao, H. Yang, et al., “Multiphase and Multitask Prompt Tuning for LLM-Based Context-Aware Machine Translation,” IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems, 2025, doi: 10.1109/TNNLS.2025.3646848.
A. Saul¯ıtis, “Evaluating multilingual digital resources: machine translation adoption and user satisfaction across six European countries,” Language Resources and Evaluation, vol. 60, no. 1, 7, 2025, doi: 10.1007/S10579-025-09884-7.
S. Wang, S. Shahir, and U. M. Ismail, “A painting art rendering system by deep learning framework and machine translation,” Scientific reports, 2025, doi: 10.1038/S41598-025-34058-4.
N. Ding and J. Cao, “A Comparative Dependency Analysis of Human Translation and Machine Translation: A Case Study of English translation of To Live,” Studies in Linguistics and Literature, vol. 9, no. 4, 130, 2025, doi: 10.22158/SLL.V9N4P130.
D. Munkova, L. Benkova, M. Munk, L. Benko, and P. Hajek, “Predictive modeling of error categories in English-Slovak machine translation using automatic evaluation metrics,” Machine Learning with Applications, vol. 23, 100810, 2026, doi: 10.1016/J.MLWA.2025.100810.
O. S. A. Elsayed, “When machines meet gavel: a case study of the English–Arabic machine translation of the Egyptian arguments before the International Court of Justice (2024),” Language and Semiotic Studies, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 661-690, 2025, doi: 10.1515/LASS-2025-0054.
Z. Yang, “Investigating Undergraduate Students’ Perceptions of Post-editing Efforts in Translation Memory and Neural Machine Translation,” Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Science, vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 2200-2206, 2025, doi: 10.26855/JHASS.2025.11.022.
Q. Zhao, J. Guo, and Z. Yu, “Recursive mutual-supervised multimodal mask-variational fusion with domain-anchor alignment for domain-specific Multimodal Neural Machine Translation,” Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, vol. 165, 113365, 2026, doi: 10.1016/J.ENGAPPAI.2025.113365.
B. Huang, M. Mao, and Y. Wang, “Non-autoregressive Machine Translation with Target Language Components in English Corpus,” Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, 2550120, 2025, doi: 10.1142/S0219649225501205.
A. Sindhujan, D. Kanojia, and C. Orăsan, “Reference-Less Evaluation of Machine Translation: Navigating Through the Resource-Scarce Scenarios,” Information, vol. 16, no. 10, 916, 2025, doi: 10.3390/INFO16100916.
K. Welnitzová and D. Munková, “Persisting Grammatical Errors of Machine Translation,” Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis, vol. 76, no. 2, pp. 468-492, 2025, doi: 10.2478/JAZCAS-2025-0039.
S. Gou, “Research on the Optimization Path of Machine Translation from a Cognitive Perspective: The Collaborative Development of Human Translation and Machine Translation,” The Frontiers of Society, Science and Technology, vol. 7, no. 7, 2025, doi: 10.25236/FSST.2025.070709.
S. Sheikh, Y. Dongkeun, C. Jiwoo, J. Woori, and J. Seohyon, “Evaluating English-Korean Literary Machine Translations: A Dataset Featuring the RULER and VERSE Annotation Methods,” Journal of Open Humanities Data, vol. 11, no. 1, 62, 2025, doi: 10.5334/JOHD.393.
J. Huarui and H. Shuai, “Neural Machine Translation for Multilingual Human–Machine Collaboration in Smart Factories Supporting the IIoT,” Internet Technology Letters, vol. 9, no. 1, e70178, 2025, doi: 10.1002/ITL2.70178.
Y. Li, J. Ye, and J. Guo, “Two-stage incremental semantic aggregation for domain-specific multimodal neural machine translation,” Expert Systems With Applications, vol. 299, 130086, 2026, doi: 10.1016/J.ESWA.2025.130086.
N. L. Santiáñez and C. G. Pastor, “Measuring Creative Phraseology in Literature: Machine Translation Systems Versus Large Language Models,” Yearbook of Phraseology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 125-152, 2025, doi: 10.1515/PHRAS-2025-0006.
V. T. N. Phuong, T. P. Huong, and P. P. Lan, “Integrating AI-Based Machine Translation in Translation Pedagogy: Evidence from a Mixed-Methods Study in Vietnam,” Education, Language and Sociology Research, vol. 6, no. 4, 37, 2025, doi: 10.22158/ELSR.V6N4P37.
B. Wang, X. Hui, and S. Jin, “Machine Translation Constraints in Lexical Conversion in Classical Chinese and Implications for China’s English Teaching,” Journal of Education and Educational Research, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 27-31, 2025, doi: 10.54097/2PAST304.
M. Sasaki, A. Mizumoto, and K. P. Matsuda, “Machine translation as a form of feedback on L2 writing,” International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 2301-2326, 2025, doi: 10.1515/IRAL-2023-0223.
X. Li, X. Wang, and W. Lai, “The Usability of Neural Machine Translation in Creative-Text Post-Editing: Evidence from Users’ Performance and Perception,” International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, vol. 41, no. 21, pp. 13792-13803, 2025, doi: 10.1080/10447318.2025.2476714.
M. R. Alhubayshi, M. S. Fallata, and A. N. Alowedi, “Examining the Quality of Machine Translation Subtitling for Saudi Series: Tash Ma Tash a Model,” Forum for Linguistic Studies, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 36-46, 2025, doi: 10.30564/FLS.V7I10.10617.
H. Jin, “A Comparative Analysis of the Cognitive Processes in Machine Translation and Human Translation,” Journal of Modern Educational Theory and Practice, vol. 2, no. 6, 2025, doi: 10.70767/JMETP.V2I6.717.
Y. Li and X. Song, “Beyond Neutrality: Mapping Two Decades of Research on Machine Translation Bias (2005–2024),” SAGE Open, vol. 15, no. 4, 2025, doi: 10.1177/21582440251392700.
C. Prichard and A. Atkins, “Variables affecting the use and outcomes of machine translation for reading: Text difficulty and cognitive reading anxiety,” System, vol. 134, 103822, 2025, doi: 10.1016/J.SYSTEM.2025.103822.
P. J. Jayan, S. J. Kumar, and T. Amudha, “Challenges and improvisation in machine translation: the case of malayalam–tamil machine translation,” Language Resources and Evaluation, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 3478-3520, 2025, doi: 10.1007/S10579-025-09840-5.
M. Gupta, M. Dutta, and K. C. Maurya, “Direct speech-to-speech neural machine translation: A survey,” Speech Communication, vol. 175, 103317, 2025, doi: 10.1016/J.SPECOM.2025.103317.