Impact of Number of Phases on Electromagnetic Torque Characteristics of Transverse Flux Permanent Magnet Machines
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper presents an investigation on the influences of number of phases of Transverse Flux Permanent Magnet (TFPM) machines on the characteristics of developed electromagnetic torque. Electromagnetic torque is expressed in terms of the Fourier series of phase currents and internal voltages. After some algebraic and trigonometric calculations, a general equation is obtained that establishes a relationship between the electromagnetic torque ripples, number of phases and harmonic contents of both internal voltages and phase currents. This result is significant when it is required to design a few specific number of identical single-phase TFPM machines which finally they will be assembled such that to build a multi-phase machine with a minimum torque ripple. The design parameters of a case study Claw Pole TFPM machine are introduced with some details and a few FE based simulation results are given as the validations of the analytical approach of the present paper. The simulation results show clearly the impact of each harmonic of the internal voltages and phase currents on the torque ripple for various numbers of phases leading the designer to find out which number of single-phase machine combinations is the optimum one regarding the torque ripple.
Downloads
Article Details
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
H. Weh, H. Hoffmann, J. Landrath, New permanent excited magnet synchronous machine with high efficiency at low speeds, ICEMS, pp. 35−40, 1990.
D. Li, R. Qu, T. A. Lipo, High-power-factor Vernier permanent-magnet machines, IEEE T. Ind. Appl., 50(6): 3664−3674, 2014.
D. Xianminga, L. Naa, S. Yuandaa, L. Shaowub, Y. Zongbina, Design and performance analysis of a novel transverse flux permanent-magnet motor, Int. J. Appl. Electrom., 56(4): 623-635, 2018.
J. F. Gieras, Permanent magnet motor technology: design and applications: High power density brushless motors, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, New York, 2010.
X. Zhao, S. Niu, Design of a Novel consequent-pole transverse-flux machine with improved permanent magnet utilization, IEEE T. Magn., 53(11): 1−5, 2017.
C. Liu, G. Lei, B. Ma, Y. Wang, Y. Guo, J. Zhu, Development of a new low-cost 3-d flux transverse flux FSPMM with soft magnetic composite cores and ferrite magnets, IEEE Trans. Magn., 53(11): 1−5, 2017.
S. Ahmadi, M. Mirsalim, A novel quad-leg transverse-flux permanent magnet linear motor for 3-D printer applications, 2019 10th International Power Electronics, Drive Systems and Technologies Conference (PEDSTC), Shiraz, Iran, 2019.
Y. Hsu, M. Tsai, Development of a novel transverse flux wheel motor, IEEE T. Magn., 47(10): 3677−3680, 2011.
P. Zheng, Q. Zhao, J. Bai, B. Yu, Z. Song, J. Shang, Analysis and design of a transverse-flux dual rotor machine for power-split hybrid electric vehicle applications, Energies, 6(12): 6548−6568, 2013.
D. H. Kang, H. Weh, Design of an integrated propulsion, guidance, and levitation system by magnetically excited transverse flux linear motor (TFM-LM), IEEE Trans. Energy Conver., 19(3): 477−484, 2004.
Z. Jia, L. Wu, W. Chen, L. Yu, Y. Cao, H. Jia, Optimization of transverse flux permanent magnet machine with double omega-hoop stator, 2019 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), San Diego, CA, USA, 2019.
J. Soleimani, A. Ejlali, M. Moradkhani, Transverse flux permanent magnet generator design and optimization using response surface methodology applied in direct drive variable speed wind turbine system, PEN, 7(1): 36−53, 2019.
G. Peng, J. Wei, Y. Shi, Z. Shao, L. Jian, A novel transverse flux permanent magnet disk wind power generator with H-shaped stator cores, Energies, 11(4): 810, 2018.
J. Oh, B. Kwon, Improved Transverse flux type permanent magnet reluctance generator with auxiliary rotor pole inserted permanent magnet, IEEE T. Magn., 50(11): 1−4, 2014.
O. Dobzhanskyi, Comparison analysis of cylindrical and rectangular linear permanent magnet transverse-flux machines for wave energy applications, 2019 12th International Symposium on Linear Drives for Industry Applications (LDIA), Neuchatel, Switzerland, 2019.
Y. Yamamoto, T. Koseki, Y. Aoyama, Proposal of C-core type transverse flux motor for ship propulsion -Increasing torque density by dense stator configuration-, AEM 2(3): 28−34, 2013.
A. Alaeddini, A. Darabi, H. Tahanian, Influence of various structural factors of claw pole transverse flux permanent magnet machines on internal voltage using finite element analysis, Serb. J. Electr. Eng., 12(2): 129−143, 2015.
M. A. Patel, S. C. Vora, Analysis of a fall-back transverse-flux permanent-magnet generator, IEEE T. Magn., 53(11): 1−5, 2017.
K. Lu, P. O. Rasmussen, E. Ritchie, Design considerations of permanent magnet transverse flux machines, IEEE T. Magn., 47(10): 2804−2807, 2011.
K. Lu, W. Wu, High torque density transverse flux machine without the need to use SMC material for 3-D flux paths, IEEE T. Magn., 51(3): 1−4, 2015.
B. Zhang, A. Wang, M. Doppelbauer, Multi-objective optimization of a transverse flux machine with claw-pole and flux-concentrating structure, IEEE T. Magn., 52(8): 1−10, 2016.
C. Liu, J. Zhu, Y. Wang, G. Lei, Y. Guo, X. Liu, Comparison of claw pole machines with different rotor structure, IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG), Beijing, 2015.
T. Husain, I. Hasan, Y. Sozer, I. Husain, E. Muljadi, A comprehensive review of permanent magnet transverse flux machines for direct drive applications, 2017 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Cincinnati, OH, USA, 2017.
R. Islam, I. Husain, Analytical model for predicting noise and vibration in permanent-magnet synchronous motors, IEEE T. Ind. Appl., 46(6): 2346−2354, 2010.
Yu Zeng, Ming Cheng, Guohai Liu, Wenxiang Zhao, Effects of magnet shape on torque capability of surface-mounted permanent magnet machine for servo applications, IEEE T. Ind. Electron., doi: 10.1109/TIE.2019.2910025, 2019.
W. Zhao, T. A. Lipo, B. I. Kwon, Material-efficient permanent-magnet shape for torque pulsation minimization in SPM motors for automotive applications, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electr., 61(10): 5779−5787, 2014.
A. Darabi, H. Tahanian, A. Alaeddini, R. Mirzahosseini, Steps towards a sinusoidal back EMF for a claw pole transverse flux permanent magnet synchronous machine, 4th Annual International Power Electronics, Drive Systems and Technologies Conference, Tehran, pp. 328−332, 2013.
Y. Jung, M. Lim, M. Yoon, J. Jeong, J. Hong, Torque ripple reduction of IPMSM applying asymmetric rotor shape under certain load condition, IEEE T. Energy Conver., 33(1): 333−340, 2018.
S. A. Evans, Salient pole shoe shapes of interior permanent magnet synchronous machines, The XIX International Conference on Electrical Machines - ICEM, Rome, Italy, 2010.
Z. S. Du, T. A. Lipo, Efficient utilization of rare earth permanent-magnet materials and torque ripple reduction in interior permanent-magnet machines, IEEE T. Ind. Appl., 53(4): 3485−3495, 2017.
H. Hong, J. Yoo, Shape design of the surface mounted permanent magnet in a synchronous machine, IEEE T. Magn., 47(8): 2109−2117, 2011.
D. Wu, Z. Q. Zhu, W. Chu, Reduction of on-load terminal voltage distortion in fractional slot interior permanent magnet machines, IEEE T. Energy Conver., 31(3): 1161−1169, 2016.
G. Liu, X. Du, W. Zhao, Q. Chen, Reduction of torque ripple in inset permanent magnet synchronous motor by magnets shifting, IEEE T. Magn., 53(2): 1−13, 2017.
R. Deodhar, A. Pride, Non-uniformly spaced claw-pole stator, U.K. Patent Appl. GB2491880A, 2012.
R. P. Deodhar, A. Pride, J. J. Bremner, Design method and experimental verification of a novel technique for torque ripple reduction in stator claw-pole PM machines, IEEE T. Ind. Appl., 51(5): 3743-3750, 2015.
X. Pei, Z. Sheng, Y. Zhou, Research on the mechanical characteristic of a novel building-block transverse flux permanent-magnetic motor (B-TFPM), 2016 IEEE International Conference on Aircraft Utility Systems (AUS), Beijing, 2016.
W. Li, K. T. Chau, T. W. Ching, A six-phase transverse-flux-reversal linear machine for low-speed reciprocating power generation, 2015 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), Coeur d'Alene, ID, 2015.
H. Wang, Y. Shi, B. Tang, X. Yuan, An investigation of four-phase flat-type TFPM and control system, 2009 Fourth International Conference on Innovative Computing, Information and Control (ICICIC), Kaohsiung, 2009.
H. Wang, Y. Shi, J. Lu, X. Yuan, Design and application of new topology of transverse flux permanent-magnet motor with driving system, 2010 Third International Symposium on Intelligent Information Technology and Security Informatics, Jinggangshan, 2010.
H. Ahn, G. Jang, J. Chang, S. Chung, D. Kang, Reduction of the torque ripple and magnetic force of a rotatory two-phase transverse flux machine using herringbone teeth, IEEE T. Magn., 44(11): 4066−4069, 2008.
J. Wang, K. T. Chau, J. Z. Jiang, C. Yu, Design and analysis of a transverse flux permanent-magnet machine using three-dimensional scalar magnetic potential finite element method, J. Appl. Phys., 103(7): 07F107−07F107-3, 2008.
G. Q. Bao, J. K. Wang, D. Zhang, J. Z. Jiang, An investigation of multi-phase transverse flux permanent magnet machine, 2006 CES/IEEE 5th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, Shanghai, 2006.
P. Dickinson, A. G. Jack, B. C. Mecrow, Improved permanent magnet machines with claw pole armatures, 15th International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM), 2002.